How is Zakat calculated?

Zakat is 2.5% of qualifying net wealth held continuously above the Nisab threshold for one Hijri (lunar) year. Net wealth = cash + savings + gold + silver + business stock + receivables + investments, minus immediate debts. Nisab = the value of 85g of gold or 595g of silver — most scholars use the lower (silver) Nisab to maximise zakat eligibility.

How are Islamic inheritance shares (Faraid) calculated?

After deducting funeral expenses, debts, owed zakat, unpaid mahr and any wasiyyah (capped at 1/3 of the remainder), the estate is distributed according to the fixed shares (furud) in Surah an-Nisa 4:11, 4:12 and 4:176, with the residue going to the asabah (residuary heirs). Awl (proportional reduction) and radd (return to sharers) are applied automatically when the fractions exceed or fall short of unity.

Does the calculator support all four Sunni schools?

Yes — the Faraid engine supports Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i and Hanbali rulesets and shows the per-school differences (dhawu al-arham eligibility, grandmother's share under conflicting paternal/maternal lines, jadd-and-siblings cases). A blended Ja'fari (Twelver Shia) mode is also available — it keeps the Sunni fixed-share + radd framework while applying the most widely-cited Ja'fari distinction that distant agnates (paternal uncle, paternal cousin, paternal grandfather as residuary) do not take the residue when nearer female kindred (daughters, granddaughters, full sisters) survive.

What is the 1/3 limit on a wasiyyah (Islamic will)?

A Muslim may bequeath up to 1/3 of the estate to non-heirs — established by the hadith of Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas (Sahih al-Bukhari 2742 / Sahih Muslim 1628). A bequest to a Quranic heir is invalid unless ratified by the other heirs (Sunan al-Tirmidhi 2120). The remaining 2/3 of the estate is distributed by the fixed faraid shares.

What is the Nisab and which one should I use — gold or silver?

Nisab is the minimum wealth threshold at which Zakat becomes obligatory. It equals the value of 85g of gold (gold Nisab) or 595g of silver (silver Nisab). The two are not the same monetary amount today — silver Nisab is far lower. The majority opinion (Jumhur, including Hanafi) is to use the silver Nisab so that more wealth qualifies and more recipients benefit.

Do you store my financial information?

No. Amanah by Zakat.International runs all calculations in your browser. Your asset breakdowns, heir lists, debts, witness names, executor details, bank account references and password hints are never transmitted to our servers. The only outbound network calls are: (1) live gold/silver spot prices via a backend proxy, (2) optional IP-based country auto-detect via a backend proxy, and (3) optional AI-advisor explanation relayed to Claude Sonnet 4.5 — none of these carry any user-entered estate data.

Is the Faraid engine deterministic or AI-based?

The math is 100% deterministic JavaScript — no AI/LLM runs the inheritance calculation. AI (Claude Sonnet 4.5) is used only as an optional plain-language advisor to explain each share. The engine implements the classical rulings of awl, radd, hajb hirman, hajb nuqsan, al-'Umariyyatain (the two Umari cases), and the al-mu'addah / al-akdariyya / al-mubahaala edge cases per madhhab.

What languages does the calculator support?

Twelve languages: English, Arabic (full RTL), Urdu (RTL), French, Malay (Bahasa Melayu), Turkish, Russian, Hindi, Bengali, Malayalam, Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia), and Farsi/Persian (RTL). PDF certificates are bilingual where applicable and respect right-to-left reading direction for Arabic, Urdu and Farsi output.

Who inherits in Islam from a deceased Muslim?

Three categories: (1) Ashab al-Furud — fixed-share heirs (spouse, parents, daughters, certain siblings, grandmother); (2) Asabah — agnatic residuary heirs (sons, paternal brothers, paternal uncles, paternal cousins); (3) Dhawu al-Arham — distant kindred who inherit only if neither category 1 nor 2 is available. The Shafi'i and classical Maliki schools do not recognise category 3; in those schools the estate goes to the Bayt al-Mal (public treasury) instead.

Are children always heirs in Islam?

Yes. Sons and daughters are primary fixed-share and residuary heirs and can never be excluded from inheritance by the parent's wasiyyah — the so-called 'disinheritance of children' is invalid in classical Islamic law. Sons receive twice the daughter's share when both are present (Qur'an 4:11). The only natural 'exclusion' is hajb, where closer kin exclude more distant kin (e.g. a son excludes a grandson via that son). Orphaned grandchildren whose parent predeceased the grandparent traditionally did not inherit; modern personal-status codes in Egypt (Law 71/1946), Morocco (Mudawana art. 369–372), Algeria, Tunisia, Jordan, Palestine, Libya, Sudan and others now mandate a Wajib Wasiyyah (compulsory bequest) for them up to the 1/3 cap.

What are women's inheritance rights in Islam?

Women inherit as daughters (1/2 alone, 2/3 if multiple, 1/2 of a son's share when males co-exist — Qur'an 4:11), as mothers (1/3 normally, 1/6 with children, 1/3 of remainder in the al-Umariyyatain case), as wives (1/8 with children, 1/4 without), as full sisters (per kalālah rules in Qur'an 4:176), and grandmothers (1/6 collectively). Unpaid mahr (dower) is a priority debt of the estate that ranks ahead of all heirs and even the wasiyyah. Women's shares are constitutionally protected — a Muslim man cannot bequeath his wealth in a way that disinherits or reduces his female heirs.

Is the partition of the family estate after a death obligatory in Islam?

Yes. Distribution of inheritance per the Quranic shares is a binding obligation, not a recommendation. The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ said: 'Learn the laws of inheritance and teach them to the people, for they are half of useful knowledge — and they are the first thing forgotten and the first thing taken away from my Ummah' (Sunan Ibn Majah 2719). Delaying partition is one of the most common causes of disputes between Muslim siblings, and is religiously discouraged. Amanah by Zakat.International gives the family a deterministic, scholar-anchored partition plan within minutes.

Is writing a will (Wasiyyah) obligatory in Islam?

The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ said: 'It is not permissible for any Muslim who has something to bequeath to stay for two nights without having his last will and testament written and kept ready with him' (Sahih al-Bukhari 2738, Sahih Muslim 1627). Classical scholars hold this as at minimum strongly recommended (mustahabb), and obligatory (wajib) for anyone with unsettled debts, an unpaid mahr, a custodial relationship over minors, or assets in a non-Muslim civil-law jurisdiction whose default probate rules would not produce the Sharia-compliant distribution.

Do orphaned grandchildren inherit in Islam?

Under classical Sunni rules, orphaned grandchildren are excluded by their living uncles (hajb). Many modern personal-status codes have legislated a Wajib Wasiyyah (compulsory bequest) in their favour — the grandparent's estate must include a notional bequest up to what the deceased parent would have inherited, capped at 1/3. This is codified in Egypt (Law 71/1946 art. 76), Morocco (Mudawana art. 369–372), Algeria (Family Code art. 169–172), Tunisia (CSP art. 191 bis), Jordan (Personal Status Law art. 279), Palestine, Libya, Sudan and Mauritania. Amanah by Zakat.International applies the Wajib Wasiyyah automatically when the user selects one of these jurisdictions.

How many countries does Amanah by Zakat.International support?

95 countries across MENA, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Central Asia, Europe (Western, Nordic, Balkans), Russia, the Americas and East Asia. Each country has a dedicated legal-guidance page with statutory citations, will formality requirements, registration office, witness rules and the recognised fatwa authority. The full list and direct deep-links are at https://zakat.international/legal.

What is the correct order of deductions before distributing the estate?

(1) Funeral expenses, (2) outstanding debts including owed Zakat and unpaid Mahr, (3) the wasiyyah (capped at 1/3 of the post-debt remainder), and finally (4) the faraid shares distributed to legal heirs per the Quranic verses. This ordering is the established consensus across all four Sunni schools.

Can I write a will that gives more than 1/3 to charity or a specific heir?

No. The wasiyyah cap of 1/3 is a binding limit established by the hadith of Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas (Bukhari 2742). The remaining 2/3 must follow the Quranic faraid shares. Any bequest exceeding 1/3 or naming a Quranic heir is invalid unless the other heirs explicitly consent after the death — never before.

Adakah Bitcoin halal untuk dimiliki dan diwarisi?

Majlis-majlis utama (AAOIFI, majoriti Akademi Fiqh OIC) menganggap Bitcoin sebagai simpanan nilai yang dibenarkan — tertakluk kepada Zakat (2.5% daripada nilai pasaran setiap tahun) dan boleh diwarisi melalui Faraid. Kedudukan minoriti menganggapnya tidak dibenarkan; rujuk ulama yang anda percayai.

Bagaimana jika saya kehilangan frasa benih saya?

Tiada yang boleh memulihkannya. Itulah pedang bermata dua jagaan sendiri. Oleh itu, kewajipan Islam termasuk meninggalkan wasi anda laluan yang didokumentasikan dan boleh diakses kepada aset — jika tidak, anda telah membazirkan harta (tabdhir), yang tidak dibenarkan.

Bolehkah saya menyulitkan lampiran sulit?

Ya — PDF yang disulitkan dengan kata laluan yang kuat. Kongsi kata laluan secara berasingan dengan wasi anda (tidak sekali-kali dalam dokumen yang sama). Alat kami menghasilkan PDF yang disulitkan dan menggesa anda untuk mencatat lokasi kata laluan dengan selamat.

Adakah NFT boleh dizakatkan dan diwarisi?

Gambaran ilmiah sedang berkembang. NFT yang jarang dan berharga yang dipegang sebagai pelaburan: ya, anggap seperti seni atau harta pelaburan — boleh dizakatkan pada nilai pasaran, boleh diwarisi melalui Faraid. NFT utiliti/permainan dengan nilai jual semula nominal: umumnya tidak boleh dizakatkan tetapi masih boleh diwarisi.

Bagaimana pula dengan perniagaan digital sahaja saya?

Boleh diwarisi sepenuhnya. Dokumentasikan kata laluan operasi, akaun hasil, dan sebarang perkongsian dalam lampiran sulit; namakan pengganti kesinambungan perniagaan yang cekap untuk mengelakkan kejatuhan operasi semasa probet.

Aset Digital & Kata Laluan dalam Pusaka Islam (2026) — Panduan Kripto & Awan

Pada tahun 2026, kebanyakan harta umat Islam tidak kelihatan — terkunci dalam bank, pembrokeran, dan rantaian blok yang hanya kata laluan boleh capai. Fiqh klasik menangani perkara ini dengan baik — jika anda merancang.

Masalah harta tidak kelihatan

Seorang Muslim biasa pada 2026 memegang 40-70% daripada kekayaan cecair mereka secara digital — akaun bank, pembrokeran, dompet kripto, PayPal, Wise, aplikasi simpanan. Jika keluarga anda tidak tahu kewujudan aset ini atau tidak boleh mengaksesnya, aset tersebut secara fungsional terhilang. Bitcoin yang hilang akibat frasa benih yang terlupa dianggarkan bernilai $200-400 bilion di seluruh dunia — sebahagian besar daripadanya milik pemilik yang telah meninggal dunia.

Kedudukan fiqh: semua harta adalah harta pusaka

Hukum Islam jelas: harta pusaka (tarikah) anda merangkumi SEMUA yang anda miliki secara sah semasa kematian — fizikal, kewangan, dan digital. Piawaian AAOIFI, Akademi Fiqh OIC, dan majlis-majlis kebangsaan utama (Majlis Fatwa UAE, MUIS Singapura, ANIC Australia) semua mengesahkan kripto boleh dizakatkan dan diwarisi. Sebaik sahaja anda meninggal dunia, Bitcoin anda adalah milik waris al-Quran anda mengikut Faraid — tetapi hanya jika mereka boleh mengaksesnya.

Pendekatan lampiran sulit

JANGAN letakkan kata laluan dalam Wasiyyah utama anda. Wasiat utama menjadi AWAM semasa probet — sesiapa sahaja boleh meminta salinan. Sebaliknya, sediakan lampiran sulit BERASINGAN (juga dipanggil Surat Keluarga atau sampul surat tertutup) yang mengandungi: (a) nombor akaun bank dan nama pengguna perbankan internet; (b) log masuk pembrokeran/pertukaran kripto; (c) frasa benih dompet kripto (bahagikan kepada beberapa orang yang dipercayai jika anda paranoid); (d) nombor peti simpanan selamat dan lokasi kunci; (e) kelayakan storan awan; (f) akaun media sosial untuk peringatan. Serahkan lampiran ini kepada wasi anda dalam keadaan tertutup, atau kunci dengan kata laluan yang hanya diketahui oleh wasi anda.

Kripto — buku panduan praktikal

Untuk jagaan sendiri (dompet perkakasan): sandarkan frasa benih pada plat keluli tahan karat yang disimpan di dua lokasi fizikal berasingan. Berikan lokasi satu plat kepada wasi anda melalui lampiran tertutup. Yang lain kekal bersama anda. Untuk pertukaran berpusat (Binance, Coinbase): pastikan KYC anda mengenal pasti nama sah anda yang sepadan dengan wasiat anda; dayakan 2FA melalui peranti yang boleh diakses oleh wasi anda (atau mempunyai kod sandaran untuknya). Sesetengah pertukaran (Coinbase, Kraken) kini menyokong pencalonan "benefisiari pusaka" — gunakan mereka.

Akaun awan dan media sosial

Pengurus Akaun Tidak Aktif Google, Kenalan Warisan Apple, dan Kenalan Warisan Facebook semuanya merupakan alat terbina dalam yang membolehkan anda menamakan seseorang untuk mengakses atau memperingati akaun anda selepas kematian. Sediakan ini HARI INI — mengambil masa 3 minit setiap satu. Ini penting untuk kedua-dua akses kewangan (Google Pay, kredit App Store) dan kenangan keluarga (foto dalam iCloud, video di YouTube).

Akaun perniagaan dan pencipta

Jika anda menjalankan perniagaan dalam talian, memiliki nama domain, atau mempunyai hasil media sosial / YouTube yang dimonetisasi — ini adalah TARIKAH dan berpindah kepada waris mengikut Faraid. Dokumentasikan yang berikut dalam lampiran anda: pendaftaran perniagaan, log masuk pendaftar domain, log masuk pengehosan, akaun pemproses pembayaran, kelayakan saluran penjana hasil. Disyorkan untuk menamakan pengganti kesinambungan perniagaan yang berasingan daripada Faraid supaya perniagaan boleh beroperasi semasa probet.

Mesej peribadi: sisi kemanusiaan

Selain kata laluan dan nombor akaun, gunakan lampiran sulit untuk mesej peribadi kepada setiap anak dan pasangan — keberkatan akhir, nasihat, pengampunan untuk kesalahan, permintaan untuk doa. Ini sangat berharga dari segi agama dan mengurangkan tekanan kesedihan. Pembina Wasiyyah percuma kami menghasilkan kedua-dua wasiat awam DAN lampiran sulit tertutup dalam satu aliran.

Aset Digital dalam Pusaka Islam: Kripto, Kata Laluan, Storan Awan, dan Media Sosial