How is Zakat calculated?

Zakat is 2.5% of qualifying net wealth held continuously above the Nisab threshold for one Hijri (lunar) year. Net wealth = cash + savings + gold + silver + business stock + receivables + investments, minus immediate debts. Nisab = the value of 85g of gold or 595g of silver — most scholars use the lower (silver) Nisab to maximise zakat eligibility.

How are Islamic inheritance shares (Faraid) calculated?

After deducting funeral expenses, debts, owed zakat, unpaid mahr and any wasiyyah (capped at 1/3 of the remainder), the estate is distributed according to the fixed shares (furud) in Surah an-Nisa 4:11, 4:12 and 4:176, with the residue going to the asabah (residuary heirs). Awl (proportional reduction) and radd (return to sharers) are applied automatically when the fractions exceed or fall short of unity.

Does the calculator support all four Sunni schools?

Yes — the Faraid engine supports Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i and Hanbali rulesets and shows the per-school differences (dhawu al-arham eligibility, grandmother's share under conflicting paternal/maternal lines, jadd-and-siblings cases). A blended Ja'fari (Twelver Shia) mode is also available — it keeps the Sunni fixed-share + radd framework while applying the most widely-cited Ja'fari distinction that distant agnates (paternal uncle, paternal cousin, paternal grandfather as residuary) do not take the residue when nearer female kindred (daughters, granddaughters, full sisters) survive.

What is the 1/3 limit on a wasiyyah (Islamic will)?

A Muslim may bequeath up to 1/3 of the estate to non-heirs — established by the hadith of Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas (Sahih al-Bukhari 2742 / Sahih Muslim 1628). A bequest to a Quranic heir is invalid unless ratified by the other heirs (Sunan al-Tirmidhi 2120). The remaining 2/3 of the estate is distributed by the fixed faraid shares.

What is the Nisab and which one should I use — gold or silver?

Nisab is the minimum wealth threshold at which Zakat becomes obligatory. It equals the value of 85g of gold (gold Nisab) or 595g of silver (silver Nisab). The two are not the same monetary amount today — silver Nisab is far lower. The majority opinion (Jumhur, including Hanafi) is to use the silver Nisab so that more wealth qualifies and more recipients benefit.

Do you store my financial information?

No. Amanah by Zakat.International runs all calculations in your browser. Your asset breakdowns, heir lists, debts, witness names, executor details, bank account references and password hints are never transmitted to our servers. The only outbound network calls are: (1) live gold/silver spot prices via a backend proxy, (2) optional IP-based country auto-detect via a backend proxy, and (3) optional AI-advisor explanation relayed to Claude Sonnet 4.5 — none of these carry any user-entered estate data.

Is the Faraid engine deterministic or AI-based?

The math is 100% deterministic JavaScript — no AI/LLM runs the inheritance calculation. AI (Claude Sonnet 4.5) is used only as an optional plain-language advisor to explain each share. The engine implements the classical rulings of awl, radd, hajb hirman, hajb nuqsan, al-'Umariyyatain (the two Umari cases), and the al-mu'addah / al-akdariyya / al-mubahaala edge cases per madhhab.

What languages does the calculator support?

Twelve languages: English, Arabic (full RTL), Urdu (RTL), French, Malay (Bahasa Melayu), Turkish, Russian, Hindi, Bengali, Malayalam, Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia), and Farsi/Persian (RTL). PDF certificates are bilingual where applicable and respect right-to-left reading direction for Arabic, Urdu and Farsi output.

Who inherits in Islam from a deceased Muslim?

Three categories: (1) Ashab al-Furud — fixed-share heirs (spouse, parents, daughters, certain siblings, grandmother); (2) Asabah — agnatic residuary heirs (sons, paternal brothers, paternal uncles, paternal cousins); (3) Dhawu al-Arham — distant kindred who inherit only if neither category 1 nor 2 is available. The Shafi'i and classical Maliki schools do not recognise category 3; in those schools the estate goes to the Bayt al-Mal (public treasury) instead.

Are children always heirs in Islam?

Yes. Sons and daughters are primary fixed-share and residuary heirs and can never be excluded from inheritance by the parent's wasiyyah — the so-called 'disinheritance of children' is invalid in classical Islamic law. Sons receive twice the daughter's share when both are present (Qur'an 4:11). The only natural 'exclusion' is hajb, where closer kin exclude more distant kin (e.g. a son excludes a grandson via that son). Orphaned grandchildren whose parent predeceased the grandparent traditionally did not inherit; modern personal-status codes in Egypt (Law 71/1946), Morocco (Mudawana art. 369–372), Algeria, Tunisia, Jordan, Palestine, Libya, Sudan and others now mandate a Wajib Wasiyyah (compulsory bequest) for them up to the 1/3 cap.

What are women's inheritance rights in Islam?

Women inherit as daughters (1/2 alone, 2/3 if multiple, 1/2 of a son's share when males co-exist — Qur'an 4:11), as mothers (1/3 normally, 1/6 with children, 1/3 of remainder in the al-Umariyyatain case), as wives (1/8 with children, 1/4 without), as full sisters (per kalālah rules in Qur'an 4:176), and grandmothers (1/6 collectively). Unpaid mahr (dower) is a priority debt of the estate that ranks ahead of all heirs and even the wasiyyah. Women's shares are constitutionally protected — a Muslim man cannot bequeath his wealth in a way that disinherits or reduces his female heirs.

Is the partition of the family estate after a death obligatory in Islam?

Yes. Distribution of inheritance per the Quranic shares is a binding obligation, not a recommendation. The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ said: 'Learn the laws of inheritance and teach them to the people, for they are half of useful knowledge — and they are the first thing forgotten and the first thing taken away from my Ummah' (Sunan Ibn Majah 2719). Delaying partition is one of the most common causes of disputes between Muslim siblings, and is religiously discouraged. Amanah by Zakat.International gives the family a deterministic, scholar-anchored partition plan within minutes.

Is writing a will (Wasiyyah) obligatory in Islam?

The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ said: 'It is not permissible for any Muslim who has something to bequeath to stay for two nights without having his last will and testament written and kept ready with him' (Sahih al-Bukhari 2738, Sahih Muslim 1627). Classical scholars hold this as at minimum strongly recommended (mustahabb), and obligatory (wajib) for anyone with unsettled debts, an unpaid mahr, a custodial relationship over minors, or assets in a non-Muslim civil-law jurisdiction whose default probate rules would not produce the Sharia-compliant distribution.

Do orphaned grandchildren inherit in Islam?

Under classical Sunni rules, orphaned grandchildren are excluded by their living uncles (hajb). Many modern personal-status codes have legislated a Wajib Wasiyyah (compulsory bequest) in their favour — the grandparent's estate must include a notional bequest up to what the deceased parent would have inherited, capped at 1/3. This is codified in Egypt (Law 71/1946 art. 76), Morocco (Mudawana art. 369–372), Algeria (Family Code art. 169–172), Tunisia (CSP art. 191 bis), Jordan (Personal Status Law art. 279), Palestine, Libya, Sudan and Mauritania. Amanah by Zakat.International applies the Wajib Wasiyyah automatically when the user selects one of these jurisdictions.

How many countries does Amanah by Zakat.International support?

95 countries across MENA, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Central Asia, Europe (Western, Nordic, Balkans), Russia, the Americas and East Asia. Each country has a dedicated legal-guidance page with statutory citations, will formality requirements, registration office, witness rules and the recognised fatwa authority. The full list and direct deep-links are at https://zakat.international/legal.

What is the correct order of deductions before distributing the estate?

(1) Funeral expenses, (2) outstanding debts including owed Zakat and unpaid Mahr, (3) the wasiyyah (capped at 1/3 of the post-debt remainder), and finally (4) the faraid shares distributed to legal heirs per the Quranic verses. This ordering is the established consensus across all four Sunni schools.

Can I write a will that gives more than 1/3 to charity or a specific heir?

No. The wasiyyah cap of 1/3 is a binding limit established by the hadith of Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas (Bukhari 2742). The remaining 2/3 must follow the Quranic faraid shares. Any bequest exceeding 1/3 or naming a Quranic heir is invalid unless the other heirs explicitly consent after the death — never before.

Mengapa anak lelaki mendapat dua kali ganda bahagian anak perempuan?

Kerana hukum Islam mewajibkan lelaki untuk menanggung sepenuhnya isteri, anak-anak, dan saudara-mara perempuan yang belum berkahwin — suatu kewajipan kewangan syarak yang tidak dikenakan kepada wanita. "Bahagian lebih besar" datang dengan "kewajipan lebih besar". Pusaka anak perempuan adalah harta peribadinya tanpa tanggungjawab nafkah yang dilampirkan.

Adakah pasangan sentiasa mendapat 1/8?

Hanya jika ada anak. Jika tiada anak, isteri mendapat 1/4 (Q 4:12). Bahagian suami pula adalah 1/4 (dengan anak) atau 1/2 (tanpa anak).

Seseorang yang meninggal dunia tanpa zuriat (anak, cucu) dan tanpa ascendant (ibu bapa, datuk nenek). Ayat 4:176 khusus menangani kes ini, memberikan hak pusaka kepada adik-beradik.

Apa yang berlaku kepada anak angkat?

Hukum Islam tidak mengiktiraf pengangkatan sebagai mewujudkan hubungan nasab darah. Anak angkat bukan waris al-Quran. Gunakan Wasiat 1/3 untuk memberi kepada mereka, atau hadiahkan harta semasa hayat.

Bolehkah saya melucutkan hak pusaka anak perempuan saya untuk memberi lebih kepada anak lelaki?

Tidak. Bahagian Faraid adalah wajib. Sebarang percubaan untuk melucutkan hak waris al-Quran melalui wasiat akan dibatalkan oleh mahkamah (atau diabaikan oleh ulama). Kedua-dua anak lelaki dan perempuan menerima bahagian tetap al-Quran mereka — anda tidak boleh mengatasi ini.

Ayat Pusaka Quran 4:11-12 Dijelaskan (2026) — Bahagian Faraid dalam Bahasa Mudah

Tiga ayat pusaka dalam al-Quran mentakrifkan hampir setiap kes yang pernah dibawa ke mahkamah probet Islam. Berikut adalah ayat-ayat tersebut — dengan contoh praktikal.

Tiga ayat yang mentakrifkan pusaka Islam

Hukum pusaka Islam (Faraid) diambil hampir keseluruhannya daripada tiga ayat al-Quran: Surah al-Nisa (4) ayat 11, 12, dan 176. Ketiga-tiga ayat ini menetapkan bahagian untuk pasangan, anak-anak, ibu bapa, dan adik-beradik — majoriti besar kes pusaka realistik. Apabila ayat-ayat ini tidak merangkumi kes tertentu, fuqaha menggunakan sistem asabah yang diperoleh daripada amalan Nabi ﷺ.

Quran 4:11 — Anak-anak dan ibu bapa

"Allah mensyariatkan (mewajibkan) kepadamu tentang (pembahagian warisan untuk) anak-anakmu, iaitu bahagian seorang anak lelaki sama dengan bahagian dua orang anak perempuan. Dan jika anak-anak perempuan itu lebih daripada dua, maka bahagian mereka adalah dua pertiga daripada harta yang ditinggalkan. Jika anak perempuan itu seorang sahaja, maka dia mendapat separuh (harta yang ditinggalkan). Dan untuk kedua ibu bapa si mati, bagi masing-masingnya seperenam daripada harta yang ditinggalkan, jika si mati itu mempunyai anak. Jika si mati tidak mempunyai anak dan dia diwarisi oleh kedua ibu bapanya sahaja, maka ibunya mendapat sepertiga. Dan jika si mati mempunyai beberapa saudara, maka ibunya mendapat seperenam."

Contoh praktikal — seorang bapa meninggal dunia

Seorang lelaki meninggal dunia meninggalkan: isteri, ibu, bapa, dua orang anak lelaki, seorang anak perempuan, dan harta pusaka bernilai $600,000. (1) Isteri mendapat 1/8 (kerana ada anak) = $75,000. (2) Ibu mendapat 1/6 (kerana ada anak) = $100,000. (3) Bapa mendapat 1/6 = $100,000. (4) Baki $325,000 dibahagikan antara anak lelaki/perempuan mengikut nisbah 2:2:1 = $130,000 setiap anak lelaki dan $65,000 kepada anak perempuan. Setiap bahagian ditetapkan oleh ayat — tiada ruang untuk budi bicara wasi.

Quran 4:12 — Pasangan dan adik-beradik

"Dan bagimu (wahai suami) separuh daripada harta yang ditinggalkan oleh isteri-isterimu, jika mereka tidak mempunyai anak. Tetapi jika mereka mempunyai anak, maka kamu mendapat seperempat daripada harta yang ditinggalkan, setelah ditunaikan wasiat yang mereka wasiatkan atau (setelah dibayar) hutang. Dan untuk isteri-isteri pula seperempat daripada harta yang kamu tinggalkan jika kamu tidak mempunyai anak. Tetapi jika kamu mempunyai anak, maka mereka mendapat seperlapan daripada harta yang kamu tinggalkan, setelah ditunaikan wasiat yang kamu wasiatkan atau (setelah dibayar) hutang."

Bahagian lelaki dua kali ganda perempuan dijelaskan

Ungkapan yang sering dipetik "lelaki mendapat dua kali ganda bahagian perempuan" terpakai khusus antara adik-beradik dalam generasi yang sama (iaitu, seorang abang dan kakak mewarisi daripada ibu bapa yang sama). Hikmah yang dijelaskan secara klasik: (a) lelaki mempunyai kewajipan syarak untuk menanggung sepenuhnya isteri dan anak-anaknya; pusaka perempuan adalah harta peribadinya SENDIRI tanpa kewajipan untuk berkongsi; (b) sebenarnya, kakak yang menerima separuh bahagian abangnya masih mempunyai jaminan ekonomi sepenuhnya kerana suaminya mesti menanggungnya. Ulama kontemporari menekankan ini mesti difahami dalam KONTEKS PENUH kewajipan kewangan Islam — bahagian "lebih besar" lelaki datang dengan tanggungjawab kewangan yang sepadan.

Quran 4:176 — Kalala (si mati tanpa waris langsung)

"Mereka meminta fatwa kepadamu (tentang kalalah). Katakanlah: 'Allah memberi fatwa kepadamu tentang kalalah (iaitu): jika seseorang meninggal dunia, dan dia tidak mempunyai anak tetapi mempunyai saudara perempuan, maka bagi saudaranya yang perempuan itu separuh daripada harta yang ditinggalkannya, dan saudaranya yang lelaki mewarisinya (semua hartanya) jika ia tidak mempunyai anak. Tetapi jika saudara perempuan itu dua orang, maka bagi keduanya dua pertiga daripada harta yang ditinggalkan oleh yang meninggal. Dan jika mereka (ahli waris itu terdiri daripada) saudara-saudara lelaki dan perempuan, maka bahagian seorang saudara lelaki sebanyak bahagian dua orang saudara perempuan.'"

Waris asabah (pengganti)

Selepas waris berfardhu menerima bahagian tetap mereka, sebarang baki berpindah kepada asabah — biasanya saudara-mara lelaki sebelah bapa si mati (anak lelaki, saudara lelaki, bapa saudara sebelah bapa). Jika tiada asabah, hukum kontemporari sering mengembalikan baki kepada waris berfardhu secara proporsional (radd). Kalkulator Faraid yang kami sediakan mengendalikan semua kes ini secara automatik.

Apabila Faraid menjadi kompleks

Kes pusaka sebenar boleh melibatkan berpuluh waris merentas generasi, hubungan pengangkatan, adik-beradik sebelah ibu atau bapa, adik-beradik seibu atau sebapa, awl (pengurangan proporsional apabila bahagian tetap melebihi 1) dan radd (pengembangan proporsional apabila kurang daripada 1). Daripada mengira secara manual, gunakan kalkulator deterministik yang telah disemak oleh ulama bertauliah — kiraan matematik yang sama telah dilakukan berjuta-juta kali sepanjang 1,400 tahun.

Memahami Faraid: Quran 4:11-12 & 4:176 Dijelaskan untuk Keluarga Moden