How is Zakat calculated?

Zakat is 2.5% of qualifying net wealth held continuously above the Nisab threshold for one Hijri (lunar) year. Net wealth = cash + savings + gold + silver + business stock + receivables + investments, minus immediate debts. Nisab = the value of 85g of gold or 595g of silver — most scholars use the lower (silver) Nisab to maximise zakat eligibility.

How are Islamic inheritance shares (Faraid) calculated?

After deducting funeral expenses, debts, owed zakat, unpaid mahr and any wasiyyah (capped at 1/3 of the remainder), the estate is distributed according to the fixed shares (furud) in Surah an-Nisa 4:11, 4:12 and 4:176, with the residue going to the asabah (residuary heirs). Awl (proportional reduction) and radd (return to sharers) are applied automatically when the fractions exceed or fall short of unity.

Does the calculator support all four Sunni schools?

Yes — the Faraid engine supports Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i and Hanbali rulesets and shows the per-school differences (dhawu al-arham eligibility, grandmother's share under conflicting paternal/maternal lines, jadd-and-siblings cases). A blended Ja'fari (Twelver Shia) mode is also available — it keeps the Sunni fixed-share + radd framework while applying the most widely-cited Ja'fari distinction that distant agnates (paternal uncle, paternal cousin, paternal grandfather as residuary) do not take the residue when nearer female kindred (daughters, granddaughters, full sisters) survive.

What is the 1/3 limit on a wasiyyah (Islamic will)?

A Muslim may bequeath up to 1/3 of the estate to non-heirs — established by the hadith of Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas (Sahih al-Bukhari 2742 / Sahih Muslim 1628). A bequest to a Quranic heir is invalid unless ratified by the other heirs (Sunan al-Tirmidhi 2120). The remaining 2/3 of the estate is distributed by the fixed faraid shares.

What is the Nisab and which one should I use — gold or silver?

Nisab is the minimum wealth threshold at which Zakat becomes obligatory. It equals the value of 85g of gold (gold Nisab) or 595g of silver (silver Nisab). The two are not the same monetary amount today — silver Nisab is far lower. The majority opinion (Jumhur, including Hanafi) is to use the silver Nisab so that more wealth qualifies and more recipients benefit.

Do you store my financial information?

No. Zakat International runs all calculations in your browser. Your asset breakdowns, heir lists, debts, witness names, executor details, bank account references and password hints are never transmitted to our servers. The only outbound network calls are: (1) live gold/silver spot prices via a backend proxy, (2) optional IP-based country auto-detect via a backend proxy, and (3) optional AI-advisor explanation relayed to Claude Sonnet 4.5 — none of these carry any user-entered estate data.

Is the Faraid engine deterministic or AI-based?

The math is 100% deterministic JavaScript — no AI/LLM runs the inheritance calculation. AI (Claude Sonnet 4.5) is used only as an optional plain-language advisor to explain each share. The engine implements the classical rulings of awl, radd, hajb hirman, hajb nuqsan, al-'Umariyyatain (the two Umari cases), and the al-mu'addah / al-akdariyya / al-mubahaala edge cases per madhhab.

What languages does the calculator support?

Twelve languages: English, Arabic (full RTL), Urdu (RTL), French, Malay (Bahasa Melayu), Turkish, Russian, Hindi, Bengali, Malayalam, Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia), and Farsi/Persian (RTL). PDF certificates are bilingual where applicable and respect right-to-left reading direction for Arabic, Urdu and Farsi output.

Who inherits in Islam from a deceased Muslim?

Three categories: (1) Ashab al-Furud — fixed-share heirs (spouse, parents, daughters, certain siblings, grandmother); (2) Asabah — agnatic residuary heirs (sons, paternal brothers, paternal uncles, paternal cousins); (3) Dhawu al-Arham — distant kindred who inherit only if neither category 1 nor 2 is available. The Shafi'i and classical Maliki schools do not recognise category 3; in those schools the estate goes to the Bayt al-Mal (public treasury) instead.

Are children always heirs in Islam?

Yes. Sons and daughters are primary fixed-share and residuary heirs and can never be excluded from inheritance by the parent's wasiyyah — the so-called 'disinheritance of children' is invalid in classical Islamic law. Sons receive twice the daughter's share when both are present (Qur'an 4:11). The only natural 'exclusion' is hajb, where closer kin exclude more distant kin (e.g. a son excludes a grandson via that son). Orphaned grandchildren whose parent predeceased the grandparent traditionally did not inherit; modern personal-status codes in Egypt (Law 71/1946), Morocco (Mudawana art. 369–372), Algeria, Tunisia, Jordan, Palestine, Libya, Sudan and others now mandate a Wajib Wasiyyah (compulsory bequest) for them up to the 1/3 cap.

What are women's inheritance rights in Islam?

Women inherit as daughters (1/2 alone, 2/3 if multiple, 1/2 of a son's share when males co-exist — Qur'an 4:11), as mothers (1/3 normally, 1/6 with children, 1/3 of remainder in the al-Umariyyatain case), as wives (1/8 with children, 1/4 without), as full sisters (per kalālah rules in Qur'an 4:176), and grandmothers (1/6 collectively). Unpaid mahr (dower) is a priority debt of the estate that ranks ahead of all heirs and even the wasiyyah. Women's shares are constitutionally protected — a Muslim man cannot bequeath his wealth in a way that disinherits or reduces his female heirs.

Is the partition of the family estate after a death obligatory in Islam?

Yes. Distribution of inheritance per the Quranic shares is a binding obligation, not a recommendation. The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ said: 'Learn the laws of inheritance and teach them to the people, for they are half of useful knowledge — and they are the first thing forgotten and the first thing taken away from my Ummah' (Sunan Ibn Majah 2719). Delaying partition is one of the most common causes of disputes between Muslim siblings, and is religiously discouraged. Zakat International gives the family a deterministic, scholar-anchored partition plan within minutes.

Is writing a will (Wasiyyah) obligatory in Islam?

The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ said: 'It is not permissible for any Muslim who has something to bequeath to stay for two nights without having his last will and testament written and kept ready with him' (Sahih al-Bukhari 2738, Sahih Muslim 1627). Classical scholars hold this as at minimum strongly recommended (mustahabb), and obligatory (wajib) for anyone with unsettled debts, an unpaid mahr, a custodial relationship over minors, or assets in a non-Muslim civil-law jurisdiction whose default probate rules would not produce the Sharia-compliant distribution.

Do orphaned grandchildren inherit in Islam?

Under classical Sunni rules, orphaned grandchildren are excluded by their living uncles (hajb). Many modern personal-status codes have legislated a Wajib Wasiyyah (compulsory bequest) in their favour — the grandparent's estate must include a notional bequest up to what the deceased parent would have inherited, capped at 1/3. This is codified in Egypt (Law 71/1946 art. 76), Morocco (Mudawana art. 369–372), Algeria (Family Code art. 169–172), Tunisia (CSP art. 191 bis), Jordan (Personal Status Law art. 279), Palestine, Libya, Sudan and Mauritania. Zakat International applies the Wajib Wasiyyah automatically when the user selects one of these jurisdictions.

How many countries does Zakat International support?

95 countries across MENA, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Central Asia, Europe (Western, Nordic, Balkans), Russia, the Americas and East Asia. Each country has a dedicated legal-guidance page with statutory citations, will formality requirements, registration office, witness rules and the recognised fatwa authority. The full list and direct deep-links are at https://zakat.international/legal.

What is the correct order of deductions before distributing the estate?

(1) Funeral expenses, (2) outstanding debts including owed Zakat and unpaid Mahr, (3) the wasiyyah (capped at 1/3 of the post-debt remainder), and finally (4) the faraid shares distributed to legal heirs per the Quranic verses. This ordering is the established consensus across all four Sunni schools.

Can I write a will that gives more than 1/3 to charity or a specific heir?

No. The wasiyyah cap of 1/3 is a binding limit established by the hadith of Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas (Bukhari 2742). The remaining 2/3 must follow the Quranic faraid shares. Any bequest exceeding 1/3 or naming a Quranic heir is invalid unless the other heirs explicitly consent after the death — never before.

What are the most common Islamic-will pitfalls in United Kingdom?

Joint tenancies pass by survivorship and BYPASS the will entirely — sever to "tenants in common" if you want shares to enter the estate. Life-insurance death benefits paid to nominated beneficiaries bypass the will — review nominations.

Islamic Inheritance & Wills in United Kingdom — Statutory Citations · Probate · Forced Heirship Interaction

How inheritance works

Testator has full freedom of disposition (England & Wales / Northern Ireland — Inheritance Act 1975 allows certain dependants to claim). Scotland retains legal rights for spouse and children.

What makes a will valid

Wills Act 1837 (England & Wales): in writing, signed by testator, attested by two witnesses present at the same time (who are NOT beneficiaries).

Registration & where to lodge

Optional via the National Will Register (Certainty) or HM Courts & Tribunals deposit. Most Muslims register through IFG-recommended solicitors or NZF.

Witness rules

Two adult (18+) non-beneficiary witnesses present together at the same time when the testator signs (Wills Act 1837 s.9 as amended). Witnesses must not be beneficiaries or spouses of beneficiaries — otherwise the gift to that beneficiary is void (s.15). Scotland: 1 witness is sufficient for a formal will under the Requirements of Writing (Scotland) Act 1995.

Zakat in United Kingdom

Collecting authority: HMRC
Tax relief: Zakat to registered charities qualifies for Gift Aid
Maximum relief: 25% extra from HMRC
Notes: Charity must be UK registered for Gift Aid

Forced heirship & statutory overrides

None in E&W — but the Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975 lets a spouse, child or dependant claim "reasonable financial provision" from the estate.

Probate / execution after death

Grant of Probate issued by the Probate Registry. Inheritance tax (IHT) due >£325k (nil-rate band) at 40%.

Scholar notes

IFG, NZF, and Islamic Will Service publish UK-compliant Islamic will templates. A 1975-Act-proof clause + 1/3 wasiyyah cap is the standard structure.

Common pitfalls

Joint tenancies pass by survivorship and BYPASS the will entirely — sever to "tenants in common" if you want shares to enter the estate.
Life-insurance death benefits paid to nominated beneficiaries bypass the will — review nominations.

Official authorities & registries

FAQ — Islamic will & inheritance in United Kingdom

Is Islamic inheritance (faraid) legally recognised in United Kingdom?
Testator has full freedom of disposition (England & Wales / Northern Ireland — Inheritance Act 1975 allows certain dependants to claim). Scotland retains legal rights for spouse and children.
What makes an Islamic will (Wasiyyah) legally valid in United Kingdom?
Wills Act 1837 (England & Wales): in writing, signed by testator, attested by two witnesses present at the same time (who are NOT beneficiaries).
Where do I register my will in United Kingdom?
Optional via the National Will Register (Certainty) or HM Courts & Tribunals deposit. Most Muslims register through IFG-recommended solicitors or NZF.
Does United Kingdom have forced-heirship rules that override an Islamic will?
None in E&W — but the Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975 lets a spouse, child or dependant claim "reasonable financial provision" from the estate.
How does probate work in United Kingdom?
Grant of Probate issued by the Probate Registry. Inheritance tax (IHT) due >£325k (nil-rate band) at 40%.
How many witnesses do I need for a will in United Kingdom?
Two adult (18+) non-beneficiary witnesses present together at the same time when the testator signs (Wills Act 1837 s.9 as amended). Witnesses must not be beneficiaries or spouses of beneficiaries — otherwise the gift to that beneficiary is void (s.15). Scotland: 1 witness is sufficient for a formal will under the Requirements of Writing (Scotland) Act 1995.
What are the most common Islamic-will pitfalls in United Kingdom?
Joint tenancies pass by survivorship and BYPASS the will entirely — sever to "tenants in common" if you want shares to enter the estate. Life-insurance death benefits paid to nominated beneficiaries bypass the will — review nominations.

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Inheritance & wills in United Kingdom

Informational — not legal advice